திருமந்திரம்

270.
அன்பு சிவம் இரண்டு என்பர் அறிவிலார்
அன்பே சிவமாவது ஆரும் அறிகிலார்
அன்பே சிவமாவது ஆரும் அறிந்தபின்
அன்பே சிவமாய் அமர்ந்திருந் தாரே. 1

552..
இயம நியமமே எண்ணிலா ஆதனம்
நயமுறு பிராணாயா மம்.(1).பிரத்தி யாகாரஞ்
சயமிகு தாரணை தியானஞ் சமாதி
அயமுறும் அட்டாங்க மாவது மாமே


554..
கொல்லான்பொய் கூறான் களவிலான் எண்குணன்
நல்லான் அடக்க முடையான் நடுச்செய்ய
வல்லான் பகுந்துண்பான் மாசிலான் கட்காமம்
இல்லான் இயமத் திடையில்நின் றானே

556..
தூய்மை .(1). அருளூண் சுருக்கம் பொறைசெவ்வை
வாய்மை நிலைமை வளர்த்தலே மற்றிவை
காமங் களவு கொலையெனக் காண்பவை
நேமியீ ரைந்து நியமத்த னாமே

564..
ஐவர்க்கு நாயகன் அவ்வூர்த் தலைமகன்
உய்யக்கொண்டேறுங் குதிரைமற் றொன்றுண்டு
மெய்யர்க்குப்பற்றுக்கொடுக்குங் கொடாதுபோய்ப்
பொய்யரைத் துள்ளி விழுத்திடுந் தானே

588..
கோணா மனத்தைக் குறிக்கொண்டு கீழ்க்கட்டி
வீணாத்தண் டூடே வௌiயுறத் தானோக்கிக்
காணாக்கண் கேளாச் செவியென் றிருப்பார்க்கு
வாணாள் அடைக்கும் வழியது வாமே

598..
வருமாதி யீரெட்டுள் வந்த தியானம்
பொருவாத புந்தி புலன்போக மேவல்
உருவாய சத்தி பரத்தியான முன்னுங்
குருவார் சிவத்தியானம் யோகத்தின் கூறே

631..
சமாதிசெய் வார்க்குத் தகும்பல யோகஞ்
சமாதிகள் வேண்டாம் இறையுட னேகிற்
சமாதிதா னில்லை தானவ னாகிற்
சமாதியில் எட்டெட்டுச் சித்தியும் எய்துமே

724..
உடம்பார் அழியில் உயிரார் அழிவர்
திடம்பட மெய்ஞ்ஞானஞ் சேரவு மாட்டார்
உடம்பை வளர்க்கும் உபாயம் அறிந்தே
உடம்பை வளர்த்தேன் உயிர்வளர்த் தேனே

785..
மனையிலஒன் றாகும் மாதமு மூன்றுஞ்
சுனையில்ஒன் றாகத் தொனித்தனன் நந்தி
வினையற வோங்கி வௌiச்செய்து நின்றால்
தனையுற நின்ற தலைவனு மாமே

1777
மேவி எழுகின்ற செஞ்சுடர் ஊடுசென்று
ஆவி எழும்அள வன்றே உடலுற
மேவப் படுவதும் விட்டு நிகழ்வதும்
பாவித்து அடக்கிற் பரகதி தானே. 5


2883
பார்ப்பான் அகத்திலே பாற்பசு ஐந்துண்டு
மேய்ப்பாரும் இன்றி வெறித்துத் திரிவன
மேய்ப்பாரும் உண்டாய் வெறியும் அடங்கினால்
பார்ப்பான் பசுஐந்தும் பாலாச் சொரியுமே

YOGA THERAPY- INDIAN YOGIES

UNIT 4 ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES

The Siddha medicine is a form of south Indian Tamil traditional medicine and part of the trio Indian medicines - ayurveda, siddha and unani
a nearly 10,000 year[1][2] old medical system followed by the Tamil people, both in India and abroad. This system of medicine was popular in ancient India,due to the antiquity of this medical system,the siddha system of medicine is believed to be one of the oldest medical system. The system is believed to be developed by the 18 siddhas in the south called siddhar. They are the ancient supernatural spiritual saints of India and the Siddha system is believed to be handed over to the Siddhar by the Hindu God - Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvathi. So are the siddhars, the followers of Lord Shiva (Shaivaites). Siddhar's total nos are eighteen, with agathiyar being the first Siddhar.[3]

The Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS), established in 1978, by Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, coordinates and promotes research in the fields of Ayurveda and Siddha medicine[4], also Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM) a statutory body established in 1971 under AYUSH, monitors higher education in areas of Indian medicine including, Siddha.[5] To fight biopiracy and unethical patents, the Government of India, in 2001, set up the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library as repository of 223,000 formulations of various systems of Indian medicine, such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha


Ayurveda

(Sanskrit: आयुर्वेद; Āyurveda, "the complete knowledge for long life") or ayurvedic medicine is a system of traditional medicine native to India[1] and practiced in other parts of the world as a form of alternative medicine.[2] In Sanskrit, the word ayurveda consists of the words āyus, meaning "longevity", and veda, meaning "related to knowledge" or "science".[1] Evolving throughout its history, ayurveda remains an influential system of medicine in South Asia.[3] The earliest literature on Indian medical practice appeared during the Vedic period in India.[2] The Suśruta Saṃhitā and the Charaka Saṃhitā were influential works on traditional medicine during this era.[2] Over the following centuries, ayurvedic practitioners developed a number of medicinal preparations and surgical procedures for the treatment of various ailments .[4]

Western medicine has ayurveda classified as a system of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) that is used to complement, rather than replace, the treatment regimen and relationship that exists between a patient and their existing physician


A Siddha सिद्ध in Sanskrit means "one who is accomplished" and refers to perfected masters who, according to Hindu belief, have transcended the ahamkara (ego or I-maker), have subdued their minds to be subservient to their Awareness, and have transformed their bodies (composed mainly of dense Rajo-tama gunas) into a different kind of body dominated by sattva. This is usually accomplished only by persistent meditation.

According to Jain belief Siddha are liberated souls who have destroyed all the karma bondings. Siddha do not have any kind of body, they are soul at its purest form.

A siddha has also been defined to refer to one who has attained a siddhi. The siddhis as paranormal abilities are considered emergent abilities of an individual that is on the path to siddhahood, and do not define a siddha, who is established in the Pranav or Aum – the spiritual substrate of creation. The siddhi in its pure form means "the attainment of flawless identity with Reality (Brahman); perfection of Spirit."

In the Hindu philosophy of Kashmir Shaivism (Hindu tantra), siddha also refers to a Siddha Guru who can by way of Shaktipat initiate disciples into Yoga.

Unani

-tibb or Unani Medicine also spelled Yunani Medicine (pronounced /juːˈnɑːni/; Yūnānī in Arabic, Hindi-Urdu and Persian) means "Greek Medicine", and is a form of traditional medicine widely practiced in South Asia. It refers to a tradition of Graeco-Arabic medicine,[1][2] which is based on the teachings of Greek physician Hippocrates, and Roman physician Galen, and developed in to an elaborate medical System by Arab and Persian physicians, such as Rhazes, Avicenna (Ibn Sena), Al-Zahrawi, Ibn Nafis.[3]

Unani medicine is based around the concepts of the four humours: Phlegm (Balgham), Blood (Dam), Yellow bile (Ṣafrā') and Black bile (Saudā'


Acupuncture

is an alternative medicine that treats patients by insertion and manipulation of needles in the body. Its proponents variously claim that it relieves pain, treats infertility, treats disease, prevents disease, promotes general health, or can be used for therapeutic purposes.[1] Acupuncture being effective beyond the placebo effect has never been proven, except some pain relieving applications, though the latter results are somewhat inconsistent as well. Acupuncture typically incorporates traditional Chinese medicine as an integral part of its practice and theory. However, many practitioners consider 'Traditional Chinese Medicine' (TCM) to narrowly refer to modern mainland Chinese practice.[2] Acupuncture in Japan and Korea, and to a certain extent Taiwan, diverged from mainland China in theory and practice. In European countries such as the UK almost half the practitioners follow these non-TCM practices.[3] The most notable difference is that these other approaches often are primarily acupuncture, and do not incorporate Chinese herbal medicine. The term “acupuncture” is sometimes used to refer to insertion of needles at points other than traditional ones, or to applying an electric current to needles in acupuncture points.[4][5] Acupuncture dates back to prehistoric times, with written records from the second century BCE.[6] Different variations of acupuncture are practiced and taught throughout the worlD


A mud THERAPY


bath is a bath of mud, commonly from areas where hot spring water can combine with volcanic ash. Mud baths have existed for thousands of years, and can be found now in high-end spas in many countries of the world.

Mud baths can be found at the Dead Sea in Israel. Dead Sea mud, which is considered therapeutic[who?], is applied to the face, hair and body. Mud baths in the United States are mostly found at the resorts in Calistoga, Napa Valley, California, and in Miami Beach, Florida. The mud is a combination of local volcanic ash, imported Canadian peat and naturally heated mineral waters. Historically, the mud bath treatment has been used for centuries in Eastern and Western European spas as a way to relieve arthritis.

The mud baths of Espalmador are said to have healing properties and to be a beauty treatment that revitalizes skin.

Music therapy

is an allied health profession and a field of scientific research which studies correlations between the process of clinical therapy and biomusicology, musical acoustics, music theory, psychoacoustics, embodied music cognition and comparative musicology. It is an interpersonal process in which a trained music therapist uses music and all of its facets—physical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritual—to help clients to improve or maintain their health. Music therapists primarily help clients improve th eir observable level of functioning and self-reported quality of life in various domains (e.g., cognitive functioning, motor skills, emotional and affective development, behavior and social skills) by using music experiences (e.g., singing, songwriting, listening to and discussing music, moving to music) to achieve measurable treatment goals and objectives. Referrals to music therapy services may be made by a treating physician or an interdisciplinary team consisting of clinicians such as physicians, psychologists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists.

Music therapists are found in nearly every area of the helping professions. Some commonly found practices include developmental work (communication, motor skills, etc.) with individuals with special needs, songwriting and listening in reminiscence/orientation work with the elderly, processing and relaxation work, and rhythmic entrainment for physical rehabilitation in stroke victims.

The Turco-Persian psychologist and music theorist al-Farabi (872–950), known as "Alpharabius" in Europe, dealt with music therapy in his treatise Meanings of the Intellect, where he discussed the therapeutic effects of music on the soul.[1] Robert Burton wrote in the 17th century in his classic work, The Anatomy of Melancholy, that music and dance were critical in treating mental illness, especially melancholia.[2][3][4]

Music therapy is considered one of the expressive therapies

Homeopathy

(pronunciation: i /ˌhoʊmiˈɒpəθi/; also spelled homoeopathy[1] or homœopathy) is a form of alternative medicine in which practitioners treat patients using highly diluted[2][3] preparations that are believed to cause healthy people to exhibit symptoms that are similar to those exhibited by the patient. The collective weight of scientific evidence has found homeopathy to be no more effective than a placebo.[2][3][4][5][6]

In the context of homeopathy, the term remedy is used to refer to a substance prepared with a particular procedure and intended for treating patients; it is not to be confused with the generally accepted use of the word, which means "a medicine or therapy that cures disease or relieves pain".[7]

The basic principle of homeopathy, known as the "law of similars", is "let like be cured by like." It was first stated by German physician Samuel Hahnemann in 1796. His "law of similars" is taken on his word[8] as an unproven assertion, and is not a true law of nature based on the scientific method.[9] Homeopathic remedies are prepared by serial dilution with shaking by forceful striking on an elastic body, which homeopaths term succussion. Each dilution followed by succussion is assumed to increase the effectiveness. Homeopaths call this process potentization. Dilution often continues until none of the original substance remains.[10] Apart from the symptoms, homeopaths examine aspects of the patient's physical and psychological state,[11] then homeopathic reference books known as repertories are consulted, and a remedy is selected based on the totality of symptoms.

While some individual studies have positive results, systematic reviews of published trials fail to demonstrate efficacy.[12][13][14][15][16] Furthermore, higher quality trials tend to report results that are less positive,[14][17] and most positive studies have not been replicated or show methodological problems that prevent them from being considered unambiguous evidence of homeopathy's efficacy


Hypnosis

is a mental state (according to "state theory") or imaginative role-enactment (according to "non-state theory").[1][2][3][4] It is usually induced by a procedure known as a hypnotic induction, which is commonly composed of a long series of preliminary instructions and suggestions.[5] Hypnotic suggestions may be delivered by a hypnotist in the presence of the subject, or may be self-administered ("self-suggestion" or "autosuggestion"). The use of hypnotism for therapeutic purposes is referred to as "hypnotherapy", while its use as a form of entertainment for an audience is known as "stage hypnosis".

Massage

is the manipulation of superficial and deeper layers of muscle and connective tissue to enhance function, aid in the healing process, and promote relaxation and well-being.[1][2] The word comes from the French massage "friction of kneading", or from Arabic massa meaning "to touch, feel or handle" or from Latin massa meaning "mass, dough",[3][4] cf. Greek verb μάσσω (massō) "to handle, touch, to work with the hands, to knead dough".[5] In distinction the ancient Greek word for massage was anatripsis,[6] and the Latin was frictio.

Massage involves acting on and manipulating the body with pressure – structured, unstructured, stationary, or moving – tension, motion, or vibration, done manually or with mechanical aids. Target tissues may include muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia, skin, joints, or other connective tissue, as well as lymphatic vessels, or organs of the gastrointestinal system. Massage can be applied with the hands, fingers, elbows, knees, forearm, and feet. There are over eighty different recognized massage modalities.[7] The most cited reasons for introducing massage as therapy have been client demand and perceived clinical effectiveness.[8]

Yogic Practices

The human body is constituted by different systems: all these systems work together regularly without any hindrance. The human body is made up of seven basic dhatus i.e. rasa, rakta, mansa, meda, asthi, majja and sukra. A number of changes occur in the human body during the whole life span, the homeostasis of doshas is known as health; imbalance in the doshic state may lead to the disease: shariram vyadhi mandira means the body is the seat of diseases.

The aim of Ayurveda is to preserve the health of a healthy individual and to cure the diseases of a diseased person. There is a major role of marma therapy and yoga along with Ayurveda to fulfill the above-mentioned goal. The whole world is requiring marma therapy and yoga as a weapon to combat the diseases of modern life. Marma therapy and yoga is practiced by many people for achieving the healthy state of life. A number of incurable diseases are treated with marma therapy and yogic practices.

Effect of self- marma therapy and yogic practices on digestive system: -

Digestive power of the body improves by regular self-marma therapy and yogic practices. The essential substances are supplied to the body regularly by absorbing these substances through absorption of the food material by the intestine. Metabolism of food takes place in the liver. Excessive available nutrients are deposited in different parts of the body. During necessity the body itself utilizes these nutrients.

The following effects are seen on the digestive system by marma therapy and yogic practices:



It maintains the digestive power healthier by stimulating all organs of Gastro Intestine Tract.

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It improves the digestive function of the body.
Increases the appetite by proper digestion of food.
Improves the function of intestine, so the intestine takes out the harmful substances properly.
Improves the peristaltic movement of Gastro Intestine Tract and relieves constipation, loss of appetite and hyperacidity.
By proper digestion of food the body gets proper nutrients and it also improves the working capacity of the body.

mportant organs of the digestive system—


Tongue
Salivary glands
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Small Intestine
Appendix
Large Intestine
Rectum
Liver
Pancreas

Main Diseases of the Digestive System:



Hyperacidity

Useful in digestive system diseases:


1. Asana: - Vajrasana, supta vajrasana, ardhamatsyendrasana, paschimottana -sana. mayurasana, pavanmuktasana. katichakrasana, sarpasana. dhanurasana, sarvangasana, trikonasana, akarnadhanurasana, surya-namaskara.

Pranayama: - Nadi Shodhana, bhastrika.
Bandha: - Moola bandha, uddiyana bandha, etc.
Mudra: - Ashwini mudra, tadagi mudra, maha mudra etc.
Kriya:- Kunjala, vasti, sankhaprakshalana, Nauli, vastradhauti, agnisara etc.
Dhyana
Marma therapy:- Guda, nabhi, kurpara and indravasti.

Effect of self-marma therapy and yogic practices on blood circulatory system:
During yogic practices heart and circulatory system play an important role. It is a well known fact that any work is not possible without energy. Oxygen and nutrients are generated in the muscles during yogic practices. So at the time of yogic practices the heart rate and arterial blood circulation also increases. By this process blood pressure also increases. Due to increased blood circulation the lungs also work rapidly Body temperature increases due to different biochemical reactions in the muscles. Increased body temperature due to exercise is maintainted by sweat glands; they produce more sweat. Many excretory substances are also excreted through the sweat. Following effects take place on the circulatory system, during yogic practices.........

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Regular self- marma therapy and yogic practices may produce some changes in the body. The working capacity of the heart improves by regular self- marma therapy and yogic practices. The heart pumps good amount of pure blood into the circulation so the oxygen and other nutrients are readily available for better physiological activities of the body.
Regular self- marma therapy and yogic practices may lead to bradycardia. It provides better effect on the heart and the circulatory system. It improves the working capacity of the heart. During hard work the circulatory system gives better performance.
Regular self- marma therapy and yogic practices may lead to a number of biochemical changes in the blood. It increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Excretory metabolites and substances are taken away rapidly. So the concentration of excretory metabolites remains in lower level. Blood cholesterol decreases and the chances of heart attack are few in this condition.
Regular self- marma therapy and yogic practices may prevent the heart diseases. Patients of heart diseases may prefer high yogic practices like Kundalini jagaran and achieving Samadhi. By these practices the heart becomes healthier and strong.
By regular self- marma therapy and yogic practices the blood cells count increases. So the blood carrying capacity, diseaseresistant capacity and immunity improves.
The general body build and outlook become healthy. There is marked improvement in body resistance power.



Important organs of blood circulatory (cardio vascular) system: -
1. Arteries
2. Veins
3. Heart


Important diseases of blood circulatory (cardio vascular) system:-
1. Hypertension
2. Congenital heart diseases
3. Cardiac vascular diseases
4. Coronary artery diseases
5. Pericarditis


Useful in blood circulatory (cardio vascular) diseases: -
1. Asana:- Sheershasana, sarvangasana, shavasana, naukasana, halasana, karnapidasana etc.
2. Pranayama:- Bhastrika pranayama, nadi shodhana
pranayama, anuloma-viloma pranayama, etc.
3. Mudra:- Tnmani mudra, shambhavi mudra etc.
4. Bandha:- Uddiyana bandha, mula bandha etc.
5. Satakriya:- Agnisara, vastra dhauti, kunjala etc.
6. Dhyana
7. Marma therapy:- Talahridaya, nabhi, hridaya.
Contra-indication of yogic practices in different blood circutatory/ cardio-vascular diseases:-
In the following conditions yogic practices should not be done
1. Congenital heart diseases.
2. Cardiac failure
3. Acute pericarditis
4. Infective diseases of heart and blood vessels.
But there is no any contra-indication of marma therapy in abovementioned conditions. In these conditions marma therapy does not hurt the site of lesion. It gives positive effect on the affected site. One can perform the marma therapy at any stage of disease


Effect of self- marma therapy and yogic practices on respiratory system:
Every physical activity needs energy. Oxygen is necessary for the energy generation from the food material. Any exercise or hard work needs more oxygen, and for better oxygenation lung functions get affected. During yogic practices the respiration rate gets increased. In the lung, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place at the cellular level in a better way. Oxygen absorption increases and removal of carbon dioxide becomes more pronounced. During this exchange energy is generated so the body temperature and respiratory rate may be raised. Regular self- marma therapy and yogic practices may affect the body and mind. The following effects are noted on the respiratory system during yogic practices.

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Regular self- marma therapy and yogic practices enhances the working capacity of the respiratory system especially the lungs and bronchial tree. Initially there is marked increase in the respiration rate during exercise but in the long run the respiratory rate does not get much affected even after vigorous yogic practice.
By regular self- marma therapy and yogic practices lung capacity increases. Vital capacity and tidal volume gets positiveresponse.
Regular self- marma therapy and yogic practices improve the function of the muscles supporting the respiration.
Due to regular self- marma therapy and yogic practices especially pranayama oxygen consumption gets lower, so the respiration rate gets more slowed down. One can perform all vigorous activities without increasing the respiratory rate.
Important organs of respiratory system: -
1. Nose 2. Trachea
3. Lungs
4. Thoracic muscles
5. Diaphragm


Important diseases of respiratory system: -
1. Rhinitis
2. Cough
3. Bronchitis
4. Pneumonitis
5. Tuberculosis
6. Bronchial Asthma


Useful in diseases of respiratory system:-
1. Asana: - Yoga mudra, singhasana, akarna dhanurasana, shavasana, paschimottanasana, pavanmuktasana, naukasana, sarvangasana, halasana, karnapidasana etc.
2. Pranayama: - Nadi shodhan pranayam, bhastrika pranayama, suryabhedan pranayana etc.
3. Satakriya: - Jalaneti, sutra-neti, kapala-bhati, kunjal-kriya, vastra-dhauti, nauli etc.
4. Bandha: - Uddiyana bandha, jalandhara bandha etc.
5. Mudra: - Viparita karani, mahamudra
. 6. Dhyana
7. Marma therapy: - Marma of head and neck and thorax.


Contra-indication of yogic practices in different respiratory diseases:-
In following diseases yogic practice should not be done
1. Acute infective diseases of respiratory system
2. Acute pneumonitis.
3. Haemoptysis.
4. Tuberculosis and complications.
5. Epistaxis.
6. Acute Rhinitis & Sinusitis.
But there is no any contra-indication of marma therapy in abovementioned conditions. In these conditions marma therapy does not hurt the site of lesion. It gives positive effect on the affected site. One can perform marma therapy at any stage of disease.


Effect of self-marma therapy and yogic practices on excretory system:-
Skin, kidneys and large intestine are the main excretory organs of the human body. Regular self- marma therapy and yogic practices give positive impact on these organs. Self- marma therapy and yogicm practices affect these organs in the following ways

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During exercise the heart rate and pulmonary function improve. They work more efficiently. Consumption of oxygen increases and more carbon dioxide gets excreted. This removes a number of body ailments.
Sweat glands in the skin produces more sweat and due to excessive perspiration more metabolites are excreted through the sweat glands. It keeps the blood pure.
During self- marma therapy and yogic practices due to increased blood circulation in the brain, heart, kidneys and liver, the working capacity of these organs increases. The body becomes healthier. The kidneys play an important role in urine formation and excretion of metabolites through urine. Kidneys are the main blood filters. The liver plays an important role in the digestion of foot. Bile formation takes place in the liver. From the liver bile comes into the gall bladder, shrinks, and the whole bile comes into the duodenum. Bile is important for the digestion of fat in many ways. But it contains many other metabolites, pigments, salts and excretory substances that also reach in the intestine and is evacuated through the faecal material and urine.
By regular self-marma therapy and yogic practices the working capacity of the organs of digestive system improves. Smooth muscles of gastro intestinal tract become stronger and digestion power improves. Excretion of excretory substances takes place in a better way. Yogic practices play an important role to improve the functioning of all excretory organs. Important organs of urine excretory system: -
1. Kidneys
2. Ureters
3. Urinary bladder
4. Urethra
Important diseases of urine excretory system: -
1. Nephritis
2. Ureteritis
3. Cystitis
4. Urolithiasis
5. Haematuria
6. Oilgouria and anuria
7. Prostatic enlargement
Useful yogic practices in urine excretory system: -
1. Asana: - Ardhamatsyendrasana, matsyendrasana, ustrasana, trikonasana, paschimottanasana, naukasana, pavanmuktasana, supta-katichakrasana, kati chakrasana, bhuganagasana, mayurasana, dhanurasana, halasana, bhunamanasana, hastapadangysthasana, surya namaskara etc.
2. Pranayama: - Nadishodhana pranayana, bhastrika pranayana etc.
3. Bandha: - Mula bandha, uddiyana
4. Mudra: - Ashwinimudra, tagadimudra, mahamudra, bajrali mudra etc.
5. Kriya: - Vasti, nauli, sankha prakshalana, agnisarakriya, kunjala etc.
6. Dhyana
7. Marma therapy: - Parsvasandhi, guda, vasti, nabhi and marmas of lower extremity.
Contra-indication of yogic practices in different diseases of urine excretory system: -
In the following urine excretory system diseases yogic practices should not be done.
1. Acute uraemia/ azotemia
2. Urolithiasis
3. Hematuria
4. Acute urinary tract infection
5. Malignant growth of urinary system.
But there is no any contra-indication of marma therapy in abovementioned conditions. In these conditions marma therapy does not hurt the site of lesion. It gives positive effect on the affected site. One can perform the marma therapy at any stage of disease.


Effect of marma therapy and yogic practices on endocrine and exocrine glands:
In the following urine excretory system diseases yogic practices should not be done.
1. Acute uraemia/ azotemia
2. Urolithiasis
3. Hematuria
4. Acute urinary tract infection
5. Malignant growth of urinary system.
But there is no any contra-indication of marma therapy in abovementioned conditions. In these conditions marma therapy does not hurt the site of lesion. It gives positive effect on the affected site. One can perform the marma therapy at any stage of disease.

Effect of marma therapy and yogic practices on endocrine and exocrine glands: -
There are two types of glands
1. Endocrine gland
2. Exocrine gland
Those glands are endocrine which are ductless. Secretion of these glands directly enters into the blood circulation........

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Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid thymus and adrenals are the main endocrine glands. Pancreas, ovary and testicle are combined glands. Some of these secretes enzymes, ova and sperms are transported into intestine, uterus and urethra. Salivary glands, sweat glands and glands situated in the stomach and intestine secrete their secretions.
In reference to sweat glands, any exercise increases the excessive sweating. Yogic practices increase the blood circulation of the glands. Due to increased blood circulation, the function of these glandsimproves. So the body immunity and secretion of these glands affect the function of many organs.
By regular yogic practices the function of these glands can be affected. In the healthy individual yogic practices may activate the function of these glands. Health promotion is possible by activating the endocrine and exocrine glands.

Regular yogic practices and marma therapy improve the
function of glands.
Glands secrete good amount of hormone.
The quality and composition of hormones becomes more balanced.
It improves the body immunity and decaying/ageing process can be delayed.
Important Glands are-
1. Pituitary gland
2. Thyroid gland
3. Parathyroid gland
4. Thymus gland
5. Pancreas gland
6. Adrenal glands
Important diseases of endocrine glands:
1. Thyroid swelling
2. Diabetes
3. Infertility
4. Congenital brain and anatomical deformities.
Useful yogic practices in different endocrine gland diseases: -
1. Asana: - Siddhasana, matsyendrasana, yoga mudra, mayurasana, shirshasana, paschimottanasana, pavan muktasana, suptakatichakrasana, trikonasana etc.
2. Pranayama: - Nadi shodhana, bhastrika, bhramari, surya bhedi, dhaauani yukta pranava uchcharana(Japa) etc.
3. Bandha: - Mula bandha, uddiyana bandha, jalandhara bandha, etc.
4. Mudra: - Khechari mudra, shambhavi mudra, ashwini mudra etc.
5. Kriya: - Jalaneti, sutra neti, kunjala, vasti, trataka etc.
6. Dhyana
7. Marma therapy: - Marmas of neck and head, and marmas related to particular endocrine gland.
Contra-indication of yogic practices in different diseases of endocrine system: -
In the following endocrine system diseases yogic practices should not be done.
1. Acute haemorrhagic conditions of endocrine system.
2. Traumatic lesions of endocrine system.
3. Acute endocrine infection.
4. Malignant growth of endocrine system.
But there is no any contra-indication of marma therapy in abovementioned conditions. In these conditions marma therapy does not hurt the site of lesion. It gives positive effect on the affected site. One can perform the marma therapy at any stage of disease.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

The Human Excretory System


The urinary system is made-up of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The nephron, an evolutionary modification of the nephridium, is the kidney's functional unit. Waste is filtered from the blood and collected as urine in each kidney. Urine leaves the kidneys by ureters, and collects in the bladder. The bladder can distend to store urine that eventually leaves through the urethra

Human excretory system and the details of the kidney. Images from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com), used with permission.

The Nephron


The nephron consists of a cup-shaped capsule containing capillaries and the glomerulus, and a long renal tube. Blood flows into the kidney through the renal artery, which branches into capillaries associated with the glomerulus. Arterial pressure causes water and solutes from the blood to filter into the capsule. Fluid flows through the proximal tubule, which include the loop of Henle, and then into the distal tubule. The distal tubule empties into a collecting duct. Fluids and solutes are returned to the capillaries that surround the nephron tubule.

Filtration of the blood in the fine structure of the kidneys. Image from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com), used with permission.

The nephron has three functions:

Glomerular filtration of water and solutes from the blood.
Tubular reabsorption of water and conserved molecules back into the blood.
Tubular secretion of ions and other waste products from surrounding capillaries into the distal tubule.
Nephrons filter 125 ml of body fluid per minute; filtering the entire body fluid component 16 times each day. In a 24 hour period nephrons produce 180 liters of filtrate, of which 178.5 liters are reabsorbed. The remaining 1.5 liters forms urine.

Urine Production


Filtration in the glomerulus and nephron capsule.
Reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
Tubular secretion in the Loop of Henle.
Components of The Nephron
Glomerulus: mechanically filters blood
Bowman's Capsule: mechanically filters blood
Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Reabsorbs 75% of the water, salts, glucose, and amino acids
Loop of Henle: Countercurrent exchange, which maintains the concentration gradient
Distal Convoluted Tubule: Tubular secretion of H ions, potassium, and certain drugs.
Kidney Stones
In some cases, excess wastes crystallize as kidney stones. They grow and can become a painful irritant that may require surgery or ultrasound treatments. Some stones are small enough to be forced into the urethra, others are the size of huge, massive boulders (or so I am told).

Kidney Function


Kidneys perform a number of homeostatic functions:

Maintain volume of extracellular fluid
Maintain ionic balance in extracellular fluid
Maintain pH and osmotic concentration of the extracellular fluid.
Excrete toxic metabolic by-products such as urea, ammonia, and uric acid.
Hormone Control of Water and Salt | Back to Top
Water reabsorption is controlled by the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in negative feedback. ADH is released from the pituitary gland in the brain. Dropping levels of fluid in the blood signal the hypothalamus to cause the pituitary to release ADH into the blood. ADH acts to increase water absorption in the kidneys. This puts more water back in the blood, increasing the concentration of the urine. When too much fluid is present in the blood, sensors in the heart signal the hypothalamus to cause a reduction of the amounts of ADH in the blood. This increases the amount of water absorbed by the kidneys, producing large quantities of a more dilute urine.

Aldosterone, a hormone secreted by the kidneys, regulates the transfer of sodium from the nephron to the blood. When sodium levels in the blood fall, aldosterone is released into the blood, causing more sodium to pass from the nephron to the blood. This causes water to flow into the blood by osmosis. Renin is released into the blood to control aldosterone.

Disruption of Kidney Function


Infection, environmental toxins such as mercury, and genetic disease can have devastating results by causing disruption of kidney function. Many kidney problems can be treated by dialysis, where a machine acts as a kidney. Kidney transplants are an alternative to dialysis.




Cells produce water and carbon dioxide as by-products of metabolic breakdown of sugars, fats, and proteins. Chemical groups such as nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous must be stripped, from the large molecules to which they were formerly attached, as part of preparing them for energy conversion. The continuous production of metabolic wastes establishes a steep concentration gradient across the plasma membrane, causing wastes to diffuse out of cells and into the extracellular fluid.

Single-celled organisms have most of their wastes diffuse out into the outside environment. Multicellular organisms, and animals in particular, must have a specialized organ system to concentrate and remove wastes from the interstitial fluid into the blood capillaries and eventually deposit that material at a collection point for removal entirely from the body

Excretory systems regulate the chemical composition of body fluids by removing metabolic wastes and retaining the proper amounts of water, salts, and nutrients. Components of this system in vertebrates include the kidneys, liver, lungs, and skin.

Not all animals use the same routes or excrete their wastes the same way humans do. Excretion applies to metabolic waste products that cross a plasma membrane. Elimination is the removal of feces.

Water and Salt Balance | Back to Top
The excretory system is responsible for regulating water balance in various body fluids. Osmoregulation refers to the state aquatic animals are in: they are surrounded by freshwater and must constantly deal with the influx of water. Animals, such as crabs, have an internal salt concentration very similar to that of the surrounding ocean. Such animals are known as osmoconformers, as there is little water transport between the inside of the animal and the isotonic outside environment.

Marine vertebrates, however, have internal concentrations of salt that are about one-third of the surrounding seawater. They are said to be osmoregulators. Osmoregulators face two problems: prevention of water loss from the body and prevention of salts diffusing into the body. Fish deal with this by passing water out of their tissues through their gills by osmosis and salt through their gills by active transport. Cartilaginous fish have a greater salt concentration than seawater, causing water to move into the shark by osmosis; this water is used for excretion. Freshwater fish must prevent water gain and salt loss. They do not drink water, and have their skin covered by a thin mucus. Water enters and leaves through the gills and the fish excretory system produces large amounts of dilute urine.

Terrestrial animals use a variety of methods to reduce water loss: living in moist environments, developing impermeable body coverings, production of more concentrated urine. Water loss can be considerable: a person in a 100 degree F temperature loses 1 liter of water per hour.

Excretory System Functions | Back to Top
Collect water and filter body fluids.
Remove and concentrate waste products from body fluids and return other substances to body fluids as necessary for homeostasis.
Eliminate excretory products from the body.
Invertebrate Excretory Organs | Back to Top
Many invertebrates such as flatworms use a nephridium as their excretory organ. At the end of each blind tubule of the nephridium is a ciliated flame cell. As fluid passes down the tubule, solutes are reabsorbed and returned to the body fluids

CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM

CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM


1) What are the two parts of the cardiovascular system?

Blood
Blood vessels and the heart
(2) What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

The heart pumps blood all through the body.
The blood helps fight infections, regulates temperature, and regulated ph levels.
(3) What are the types of blood vessels?
Arteries, capillaries, and veins.
(4) What is the structure and function of these vessels?

Arteries: Consists of three levels. 1) Endothelium: thin cells that make up the inner level 2) Middle layer is smooth muscle 3) The outer layer is connective tissue. These walls allow the artery to be protect under pressure and allows them to expand. Arteries carry blood from the heart.
Capillaries: Arterioles branch out and become capillaries. Capillaries are made of endothelium.
Veins: Veins have the same layers as arteries but has less of the middle layer. Veins are thinner than arteries, because of this they can expand further. Veins carry blood to the heart.
(5) Why is the heart a double pump?

The heart is a double pump because it is pumping blood to the lungs and blood to the body at the same time but they never intersect.
(6) What causes the "lub" and the "dup" of the heart sounds?

Lub: "Cusps of Av valve" slam shut due to pressure
Dup: When the ventricles relax and the blood begins to glow again.
(7) What keeps the heart beat regular?

The SA node sends a signal ever .85 seconds which causes the atria to contract. The signal is then sent to the AV.
(8) What does the pulse rate of a person indicate?

The pulse rate tells how many beats the heart has beat in a minute.
(9) What accounts for blood flow in the arteries?

The blood flow in the arteries is called blood pressure .
(10) What accounts for blood flow in the veins?

Skeletal pump: caused by skeletal muscle contraction
Respiratory Pump: caused by breathing
valves in the veins

The human body consists of many organs that are useful to carry out the functions of the body properly. All organs in the body are very much essential for normal functioning of the human body. In the similar manner, cardiovascular system is the most essential part of the body. It comprises of three main parts: blood, the heart, and the blood vessels, arteries and capillary veins.

The main function of cardiovascular system is to transport oxygen to all other organs of the body. Thus, this process provides sufficient amount of nutrition to several parts of the body. It is the most interesting and essential component of the body. Many researchers and scientist have toiled their life to get all the detailed information about this system. Every part of the system has different facts and functions. Thus, we may discuss here some interesting facts about blood, heart and blood vessels.

Blood:

Blood is the nutrition of the body that provides us energy for survival. Blood is actually a carrier of nutrition and oxygen to all other organs and cells of the body. Some interesting facts will help you to understand the proper functioning of blood.

Blood is made up of blood cells which are in the form of liquid, known as blood plasma. Seven % of the blood comprises in the total weight of the body. An adult human body contains an average of five liters of blood. There are two types of blood in the body: Red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC). Blood even comprises of leukocytes and platelets. Hemoglobin is the main component of RBC, which is protein with iron that is very much essential for body to transport oxygen. Blood is made up of connective tissues and is generated within bones.

Heart:

The heart is the most important component of the body. It supplies blood and oxygen to all other parts of the body. The heart of male weighs approximately 300-350 grams whereas, female heart weight almost 250-300 grams. Its size is equivalent to the size of your hand fist. The heart is wrapped by double layer sac- Pericardium. Our heart is made up of three main parts: Innermost layer (Endocardium), Middle layer (Myocardium) and the Uppermost layer( Visceral layer) Heart comprises of four chambers: two arteries and two ventricles.

Blood vessels:

Blood vessels transport blood to the heart and other organs of the body.

The blood vessels in divided into three types: veins, capillaries and arteries. Each blood vessel carries out an important function of the body. The veins transport blood cells to the heart while, arteries pull away the blood from the heart. The Capillaries exchange chemicals with water. Aorta is the largest artery in the blood vessels that transports the blood from the heart. It is divided into: carotid artery, celiac trunk, renal artery, iliac artery, subclavian artery, and mesenteric arteries.


The heart is the pump responsible for maintaining adequate circulation of oxygenated blood around the vascular network of the body. It is a four-chamber pump, with the right side receiving deoxygenated blood from the body at low presure and pumping it to the lungs (the pulmonary circulation) and the left side receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumping it at high pressure around the body (the systemic circulation).

The myocardium (cardiac muscle) is a specialised form of muscle, consisting of individual cells joined by electrical connections. The contraction of each cell is produced by a rise in intracellular calcium concentration leading to spontaneous depolarisation, and as each cell is electrically connected to its neighbour, contraction of one cell leads to a wave of depolarisation and contraction across the myocardium.

This depolarisation and contraction of the heart is controlled by a specialised group of cells localised in the sino-atrial node in the right atrium- the pacemaker cells. These cells generate a rhythmical depolarisation, which then spreads out over the atria to the atrio-ventricular node.
The atria then contract, pushing blood into the ventricles.
The electrical conduction passes via the Atrio-ventricular node to the bundle of His, which divides into right and left branches and then spreads out from the base of the ventricles across the myocardium.
This leads to a 'bottom-up' contraction of the ventricles, forcing blood up and out into the pulmonary artery (right) and aorta (left).
The atria then re-fill as the myocardium relaxes.

The 'squeeze' is called systole and normally lasts for about 250ms. The relaxation period, when the atria and ventricles re-fill, is called diastole; the time given for diastole depends on the heart rate

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiratory System

Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is respiration?

Respiration is the act of breathing:

inhaling (inspiration) - taking in oxygen
exhaling (expiration) - giving off carbon dioxide
What makes up the respiratory system?
The respiratory system is made up of the organs involved in breathing and consists of the:

nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
The upper respiratory tract includes the:

nose
nasal cavity
ethmoidal air cells
frontal sinuses
maxillary sinus
larynx
trachea
The lower respiratory tract includes the:

lungs
bronchi
alveoli
What do lungs do?
The lungs take in oxygen, which all cells throughout the body need to live and carry out their normal functions. The lungs also get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product of the body's cells.

The lungs are a pair of cone-shaped organs made up of spongy, pinkish-gray tissue. They take up most of the space in the chest, or the thorax (the part of the body between the base of the neck and diaphragm).

The lungs are inside in a membrane called the pleura.

The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum, an area that contains the following:

heart and its large vessels
trachea (windpipe)
esophagus
thymus
lymph nodes
The right lung has three sections, called lobes. The left lung has two lobes. When you breathe, the air:

enters the body through the nose or the mouth


travels down the throat through the larynx (voice box) and trachea (windpipe)


goes into the lungs through tubes called main-stem bronchi

one main-stem bronchus leads to the right lung and one to the left lung


in the lungs, the main-stem bronchi divide into smaller bronchi


and then into even smaller tubes called bronchioles


bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli


Every minute we breathe, we take in 13 pints of air! That is we breathe about 6.15 liters of air every minute.
We breathe about 9 to 20 times every minute. Through every breath, we breathe in about half a liter of air.
We inhale and exhale air about 22,000 times per day and in the process, transport about 300 cubic feet of air (which is about 8.5 cubic meters of air)!
Human breathing mechanism is called tidal breathing, as air comes out the same way it goes in.
We exhale about half a liter of water vapor in a whole day.
Breathing is initiated by the diaphragm, which is a stretchable muscle under the lungs. When it contracts, the volume of the chest cavity rises and the air pressure drops. That is what enables the high pressure air outside, to enter the lungs and makes them expand like balloons.
When the diaphragm expands, lungs are emptied of air and we exhale it outside.
When air passes through the nose and into the nasal passage called the windpipe, it gets filtered, moistened and heated.

Breathing Mechanism


Humans breathe by flattening and contracting the diagram for inhalation and relaxing the diaphragm for exhalation. Intercostal muscles assist breathing.

In humans the chest cavity, or thorax, is separated from the abdominal cavity by a dome shaped muscle called the diaphragm.

Two lungs are enclosed within the thorax, which is supported by the ribs, and they are connected to the mouth and nose by the trachea. In an adult the trachea is about 11 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter. It is supported by several horseshoe-shaped sections of cartilage that prevent the trachea collapsing and closing the airway.

Inhalation
On inhalation the diaphragm contracts and becomes flatter as it is lowered. In addition, the lower ribs swing upwards and outwards as the external intercostal muscles contract. These movements increase the volume of the thorax and the pressure within it falls to below atmospheric pressure. Consequently, air rushes into the lungs to fill this partial vacuum.

Exhalation
Relaxation of the external intercostals and the diaphragm allow a set of opposing muscles, the internal intercostal muscles, to return the thorax to its previous size. As the thorax diminishes in size air is expelled from the lungs. All English speech sounds are composed using exhaled air from the lungs, i.e. using a pulmonic air stream.